Ageing process that occurs:

• Naturally and universally
• Progressively
• Deleterious, worsens with time 
• Intrinsic, from within

• Clinical implications that should be considered being a senior citizens

Skin:

• Becomes thinner and cracks easily, looses its elasticity and wrinckles

• Bruises and wounds easily with bed sore if one becomes immobile

Overall

• Height loss and become hunchbacked (from degeneration of backbone and bone brittleness or osteoporosis
• Increasing ratio of body fat to muscle
• Decreasing amount of body fluids

• Backache due to posture change and more incidences of falls
• Distribution change and period of medicine in the body (half life) absorbed due to this body change. The medicine prescribed could result in side effect from being too long in the body system.

Heart

• Blood vessels thickened
• Valves in the heart thickened

• Heart is unable to adapt during stress as an example during dehydration and bleeding.

Kidneys

• Reduced function and ability to filter
• Unable to retain water during the night compared to younger people
• Enlargement of the prostate glands

• Tendency of kidney failure due to dehydration and other stress. Be cautious if any intake of medicine is required to avoid any side effects due to less filtration of medicine from the body.
• Frequent urinate during the night. Incontinence could be possible.
• Prone to inflammation of the urinary bladder.

Lungs                     

• Reduced capability to function
• Pertahan di paru-paru contohnya sila berkurang fungsi

• Tired easily when inflammation of lungs occurs and easily contract pneumonia.

Digestive Intestines

• Change in sense of taste
• Teeth loss
• Intestinal movement functions reduced

• Reduced nutritional value resulting in malnutrition and prone to diseases
• Constipate easily if senior citizens consumes insufficient fliuds, fruits or vegetables and do not exercise enough

Muscles and Bones

• Osteoarthritis, limbs degeneration
• Brittle bones
• Reduced intestinal function

• Continously pain in the joints
• Brittle bones which easily breaks

 Eyes

• Sunken eyes, wrinkled, ptosis, entropian (sunken eyelashes) causing red eyed or protruding eyed (ectropian) causing watery eyes
• Small iris
• Membrane occurs
• Reduced ability to distinguish colours, to focus vision on things, brightness of vision and dark-bright adaptation

• Inability to see properly – quality of life is reduced
• Fall easily when entering from dark to light and vice versa
• Unable to differentiate colours of blue from green pills etc causing in wrong intake of medicine.

Hearing

• Less for high pitch (high tone deafness)

• Hearing loss and sometimes unstable due to the dysfunction of the balancing organs in the ear.  This would result in one to fall and unable to anticipate danger

Nerves

• Delayed nerve reaction
• Reduced psychomotor function
• Reduced intellectual performance
• Reduced learning complex
• Reduced sleep and “Sleep REM” occur

• Might fall  because of  reduced nerve reaction
• Confusion occurs especially during “stress” due to infection or dehydration etc
• Insomnia.

Body Defense System

• On the whole somewhat reduced

• More prone to cancer due to reduce surveillance towards abnormal cancer cells
• Prone to infection

Reproduction System

•  Menopause in female

• Osteoporosis (brittle bones) and prone to heart diseases when no female hormones (estrogen) after menopause.
• Erectile dysfunction in male